ANNEX 4 LETTERS FOR EUROPE NOTE: The following text is a shortened version of the first edition of a report to be published separately. Information about Greek and Cyrillic script has been left out, as well as some tables presenting the usage of characters in a different order. +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ Technical report 0 REPERTOIRES OF LETTERS USED FOR WRITING EUROPEAN LANGUAGES 0 J. W. van Wingen, The Netherlands +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ The material contained in this publication presents factual information obtained from a survey carried out by the author among European countries about the alphabets of letters and other specific characters required for correct writing languages in modern use in these countries. Its nature would qualify it as a Type 3 Technical Report according to ISO/IEC JTC1 Directives (7.3). The data included will enable writers of standards for coded character sets or related subjects to properly select the right set for the right field of application. 0 INTRODUCTION Several applications in Information Technology have a need to know which letters are required for writing a text in a certain language the correct way. This report presents for every European official and a large number of regional languages the repertoire of characters that is to be available for spelling according to the rules. 1 SCOPE This Technical Report presents information on the graphic character repertoires in modern use with listed European languages as a help for selecting adequate coded character sets, or their subsets, in the field of Information Technology, such as are standardized or registered under the authority of ISO, IEC or CEN. The Latin, Greek and Cyrillic scripts are covered to the extent of which these are applied to the languages specified in this Technical Report. 2 DEFINITIONS The definitions apply that are stated in the International Standards developed by ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2. 3 EUROPEAN LANGUAGES 3.1 The languages considered in this Technical Report are those that are currently being written in Europe, either in the states of the EU, EFTA or other countries commonly reckoned to it. Some of these are the official state language, subject to legal regulations, others have acquired the status of a regional language under the control of some board. The scripts in use for these languages are Latin, Greek and Cyrillic. 13.2 The official languages using Latin script are the following. Albanian Latvian Croat Lithuanian Czech Luxemburgish Danish Maltese Dutch Norwegian English Polish Estonian Portuguese Finnish Romanian French Slovak German Slovene Hungarian Spanish Icelandic Swedish Irish Turkish Italian Note: Latin may be considered an official language of Vatican City, but it is not mentioned explicitly any further, because it is covered by the basic Latin alphabet (4.3). 3.3 The official languages using Greek script are the following. Greek 3.4 The official languages using Cyrillic script are the following. Bulgarian Byelorussian Macedonian Russian Serbian Ukrainian Notes: -- Linguistically speaking are Croat and Serbian one language, Serbocroatian, -- Macedonian means here Slavic Macedonian, in the sense it is used in the science of linguistics. 3.5 Regional languages included are the following. Basque (France, Spain) Breton (France) Catalan (France, Spain, Andorra) Faroese (Denmark) Frisian (Netherlands) Friulian (Italy) Gaelic (UK) Galician (Spain) Greenlandic (Denmark) Ladin (Italy) Livonian (Latvia) Rhaetian (Switzerland) Sami (Norway, Sweden, Finland) Sorbian (Germany) Welsh (UK) Note: Rhaetian has now acquired the status of an official language in Switzerland. 13.6 The following languages are sometimes mentioned in lists of European languages, but no certainty could be obtained whether a stable writing system has been adopted for these. Corsican (France) Occitan (France) Romany (?) Sardinian (Italy) 3.7 No information is included here about Ladin and Friulian, none being available at the moment of publication. The other languages written in the European part of the former USSR (eg. Moldavian, Tatar, Bashkir, Chuvash, etc.) are not included because of the uncertainty about their writing systems which are in a process of changing. Information based on the situation of 1989 can be found in "A Survey of the use of Modern Cyrillic Script", by J. W. van Wingen, available from NNI, Delft, the Netherlands. Livonian is not further discussed, the number of people still speaking the language having decreased to 55, according to the most recent information. 3.8 Names for languages are taken from ISO/IEC 10367 (Annex A) and checked with linguistic experts. Gaelic is used for Scots Gaelic, Sami for Lappish, and Rhaetian for Rhaeto-Romance (which is actually not spoken, but a harmonisation of separate languages or dialects). 3.9 For compatibility with ISO/IEC 6937 and 10367 information on Afrikaans and Esperanto is included in part of the tables. 4 Scripts and their elements 4.1 Languages are being written with the help of a restricted number of distinct elements. Each element may appear in a varying shape or style, but is related to a common essence, which is called a "character" for the purpose of this Technical Report (as it is in Information Technology in general). Which shapes and forms are to be recognised as representing a specific character is a matter of convention, which has to be learned. 4.2 The characters in use for writing European languages can be classified into letters, digits and others. The reading order is from left to right. 4.3 Each script (Latin, Greek, Cyrillic) has a fixed basic number of "letters", the "alphabet", with an order defined between them. Each letter has two variants that are considered a character in itself, the capital form and the small form. (This also pertains to the Armenian, but not to the Georgian alphabet, nor to any other script). Other variants such as boldface or italic are not considered to constitute a separate character. 4.4 To this basic set other letters are often added to cover the needs of a particular language. These may be, or may not be, part of the alphabet of that language. These letters may be of one of the following kinds. -- They present a form of their own (Icelandic ð þ), -- They present an unification of two existing letters (Æ ×), -- They have a shape derived from an existing letter by some addition or deformation (Ø „), -- They result from adding a "diacritical mark" to an existing letter. 1There is no clear borderline between these kinds, it is often an arbitrary decision to which a character will belong. Assignment of a name in the ISO style does not imply to which kind a character is to be assigned. Only a standard like ISO 6937 makes a clear division. The basic set combined with a specific additional set constitutes the letter repertoire of each European language, as has been established by custom and regulations. 5 Selection of characters for a repertoire 5.1 The correct orthography of each official language is in most cases established by government regulations with a legal basis. The actual rules, as well as a list of words giving the proper spelling are contained in publications by a state office, a learned society, or a commercial publisher under official authorisation. For regional languages such an authority not always exists. In this case a University Department, a School Examinations Board or a private Language Preservation Society acts as a decisive centre. As sources for this Technical Report official publications were used where possible, supplemented by lexicons and language instruction books. The findings were checked by information from local correspondents. Titles are given in the list of references. 5.2 A language is not a closed system. Whilst the orthography may require some set of letters for the pure language only, the need of representing expressions and words imported from outside may lead to additions. The extent of this need is not always clearcut. For this reason the repertoires are divided into five categories. A Letters used for writing words of the language proper, B Letters used for writing words of recognizable foreign origin, but adopted into the language, C Letters used for writing personal names and geographical indications, D Letters used in quotations from foreign languages occurring frequently, E Letters resulting from marking a stressed syllable. 5.3 These categories correspond to sets of user requirements to suit the application: A+B for all applications where correct spelling of the whole language (that is all the words of the official list) is mandatory, C for those applications where names and places should be spelled correctly (eg. in newspaper reports simplified spelling of foreign places may be acceptable, but in books on music names of composers, like Dvoák and Janá?ek, must have a correct spelling), D in publications where understanding of quotations from a foreign language is expected from readers, these have to be spelled correctly, E text processing systems for newspapers and books may require the availability of this set. 5.4 In all the repertoires based on Latin script it is understood that the 26 capital and 26 small letters are included, even where not explicitly stated, or where it is certain that some of these letters never occur in words of the language proper. 15.5 A DIAERESIS is sometimes used as an indication that a letter is not part of a digraph. At hyphenation it is left out, and is thus not a fixed part of that letter. Letters carrying this accidental mark are nevertheless included as a separate letter. 5.6 Varying forms of a certain letter are accepted in some languages as a representation of the same character. There is only one character G WITH CEDILLA. The cedilla is below the capital letter, but above (and upside down) the small letter. It often may not have the shape as known from French, but of a komma, like is the usage with Latvian. Equally some Czech letters WITH CARON do not show the CARON, but a high comma after the letter (d, L, l, t). This does not make a difference regarding the identity of the character. 5.7 Excluded are letters that result from a level of "highlighting" (SGML) in a text, like boldface, italic, underlined and barred letters. 5.8 Excluded are letters made obsolete by a spelling reform, or those deprecated in an ISO coded character set standard, having been included by mistake in the past. 5.9 The ACUTE (and sometimes also the GRAVE) is in some languages only used to create a special effect, placed on a letter representing a vowel (in Dutch the ACUTE and GRAVE on a e i o u, in Danish the ACUTE on a e i o u y æ ] ø, in English poetry the GRAVE). This method is used to indicate a stressed or voiced syllable. This may be considered a matter of presentation (for "emphasis", a kind of "highlighting" in the terms of SGML, next to that resulting in boldfacing or underlining), that is a feature of whole words, not of single characters. Spelling this way is in any case only optional, not found in the official list of words. No systematic study of this subject is available as yet, and the letters thus formed are not included in the repertoires of category A, but only in category E. In the spelling of Danish all accents are optional. (For Irish see 7.3.) Both the ACUTE and the DIAERESIS may be used for distinguishing letters with different pronunciation in cases of doubt (usually also involving stress). If this use is accidental, the letter is not included in A, but if it is fixed and found as such in the lexicon, it is. 5.10 Excluded are digraphs, even where they are used as an alternative to an accented letter. It may become a problem at sorting if one wants to have them handled in the same way, but this subject is not covered here. For convenience a list is presented in Table 6. 6 Digits and other characters Characters for digits are the same in all the scripts covered in this Technical report. The repertoire of the other ("special") characters differs between languages. The inverted question and exclamation mark (¿,¡) are used with Spanish and Catalan only. The masculine and feminine ordinal indicators (º,ª) are relevant for Portuguese, Spanish, Catalan and Italian. The middle dot is required for Catalan only. For several other special characters it is doubtful whether these are needed throughout Europe, like the $ @ #. No official regulations appear to exist for their use. National currency signs have become obsolete in banking, being replaced by a three-letter code from ISO 4217. From preserving portability of applications in IT it is important to refer only to the repertoires from ISO/IEC standards. 17 Latin repertoires and explanation to the tables 7.1 The tables contain detailed information on the letters required by each language. 7.2 Table 1 presents a summary of the Latin repertoires of category A, each to language. Only small letters are indicated. The languages are put into order to linguistic and geographic relation, such as to facilitate comparison of features. Afrikaans and Esperanto are included for compatibility with ISO/IEC 6937:1994. Table 2 presents a survey of those letters from categories B, C and D, additional to A and to each other in succession. (For E see 5.9.) 7.3 Table 3 presents the total repertoire of letters for all European languages together that use the Latin script (Afrikaans is not here included, nor in Table 4.). The Irish consonants with dot above are omitted from the tables, because these letters usually (and officially) are represented by the consonant followed by a "h" (b c d f g m p s t). With the spread of more modern printers the dotted forms may be preferred in the future. NOTE: TABLES 4-9 ARE NOT INCLUDED IN THIS SHORTENED VERSION. Table 4 presents the Latin repertoire of letters in category A again, for each of the languages separately, small letters only, with their names (repetition of LATIN SMALL LETTER omitted). The names are those specified by ISO, the short identifier, defined in ISO/IEC 6937:1994, is added, as well as a two-character transformation. Occurrence in any other language repertoire, category A, is indicated with a single letter, the first of the language name. The two-letter codes of ISO 639 are not used, first because of lack of space, second because of the instable status of ISO 639, being incomplete, incorrect, and under revision. Table 5 presents the same for category B. 7.4 Table 6 presents the digraphs that may affect abbreviation or alphabetic ordering, being handled as a single letter, or occupy a single cell in crossword puzzles. 7.5 Table 7 presents the total Latin repertoire with all letters, now in a different order, with indication of the part of ISO 8859 where each character is coded, including the whole of the repertoire of ISO 6937, with digits and special characters as well. 8 Greek repertoire The repertoire for the Greek language written with the monotoniko orthography is that specified in ISO IR-126. It is presented in Table 8. That for the polytoniko writing system can be found in ISO/IEC 10646-1. 9 Cyrillic repertoire The total repertoire for all the Slavic languages written with Cyrillic script in Europe is that specified in ISO IR-144, extended with two letters for Ukrainian. The distribution over the separate languages is presented in table 9. 1 REFERENCES H. F. Wendt, Fischer Lexikon Sprachen, Frankfurt am Main, 1961 R. S. Gilyarevskiy & V. S. Grivnin, Opredelitel' Yazikov Mira po Pis'mennostyam, Moskwa, 1961 A. Nakanishi, Writing Systems of the World, Rutland, Vermont, 1980 J. W. van Wingen, A Survey of the use of Modern Cyrillic Script, Nederlands Normalisatie-Instituut, Delft, 1993 Nordic Cultural Requirements on Information Technology, Report TS3, Icelandic Council for Standardization, Reykjavík, 1992 Retskrivningsordbogen, Dansk sprognævn, Copenhagen, 1991 Auglýsing nr.132/1974 um stafsetningu, Stjórnartíðindi, Reyjavík,1974 Réttritunarorðabók handa grunnskólum, Íslensk málnefnd, Reykjavík Tanums store rettskrivningsordbok, Oslo Nynorsk ordliste, Hellevik, Alf, Oslo Samiske staveregler, Nordic Sami Institute, Guovdageaidnu, 1992 Ordlista över svenska spr]ket, Norstedts, Stockholm, 1986 Nykysuomen sanakirja, Helsinki De spelling van de Nederlandse taal, Den Haag, 1975 Woordenlijst van de Nederlandse taal, Den Haag, 1954 Novissíma gramática da língua portuguesa, D P Cegalla, Sao Paulo, 1990 A Magyar Helyesírás Szabályai, Budapest, 1987 Teach Yourself books series, Sevenoaks, UK: (first year of copyright, second year of most recent reprint) Albanian --- Latvian --- Croat 1993 Lithuanian --- Czech 1959/1992 Luxemburgish --- Danish 1958/1993 Maltese 1965/1987 Dutch 1961/1992 Norwegian 1967/1993 English --- Polish 1960/1991 Estonian --- Portuguese 1987/1991 Finnish 1993 Romanian 1992 French 1984/1992 Slovak --- German 1989/1992 Slovene --- Hungarian 1993 Spanish 1984/1992 Icelandic 1961/1991 Swedish 1969/1992 Irish 1993 Turkish 1989/1993 Italian 1962/1982 Catalan 1975/1993 Gaelic 1971/1993 Welsh 1991/1992 ISO 4217:1990 Codes for the representation of currencies and funds 1TABLE 1 REPERTOIRE OF LATIN LETTERS CATEGORY A REQUIRED FOR EUROPEAN LANGUAGES According to language proper, grouped to accents L Lithuanian ‚ ƒ i u e u ? Ÿ Š + ˜ ˜ š ¯ L Latvian a e i o u g k l n r ? Ÿ Š + ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ ` ¸ ¸ ¸ ¸ E Estonian õ ä ö å Ÿ Š F Finnish ä ö S Sami (Lappish) á  œ n t ? Ÿ Š + ˜ ¯ S Swedish é ä ö ] N Norwegian é ó ò æ ] ø ê ô D Danish æ ] ø F Faroese á í ó ú ý æ ø ð I Icelandic á é í ó ú ý ö æ ð þ G Greenlandic æ ] ø G Gaelic á é ó à è ì ò ù I Irish á é í ó ú W Welsh w ý á é í ó ú à è ì ò ù w y â ê î ô û w y + ´ ` ` ¬ ¬ ä ë ï ö å w ÿ + ¨ B Breton ê ù å ñ E English F Frisian é ú â ê ô û ä ë ï ö å D Dutch ä ë ï ö å L Luxemburgish é â ê î ô û ä ë ö å G German ä ö å ß F French é à è ù â ê î ô û ç ÷ ë ï å ÿ C Catalan é í ó ú à è ò ï å ç S Spanish á é í ó ú å ñ G Galician á é í ó ú å ñ P Portuguese á é í ó ú à â ê ô å Õ õ ç B Basque å ñ ç M Maltese à è ì ò ù î c g h ? + š š ¯ I Italian é í ó ú à è ì ò ù ï R Rhaetian é à è ò â ê î ô ö å R Romanian â î ? ‡  H Hungarian á é í ó ú ö å  A Albanian ë ç T Turkish â î û ö å - ç ‡ " C Croat   ? Ÿ Š S Slovene ? Ÿ Š S Slovak ý á é í ó ú ä ô  ? ?  Ÿ  Š C Czech ý á é í ó ú ? ?  Ÿ  Š P Polish ó ‚ ƒ  œ †  ? S Sorbian ó  œ †  ?  Ÿ Š E Esperanto u c g h j s + › ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ ¬ A Afrikaans á é è â ê î ô û ë ï ö 1 TABLE 2 Latin letters required for classes of words, additional to category A Category B Category C (addit. to B) Category D used in: words of names of persons frequent quotations foreign origin and places expected from L Lithuanian . L Latvian . E Estonian . F Finnish . Ÿ Š ] ø õ å Swedish, Sami S Sami . â ä ] æ é g ô ö ø å Norwegian, Swedish + ` S Swedish . à á æ è ë ô ø å French, German N Norwegian . à á â ä ç è ë ö å German D Danish . à â ä ç è ê ë ð ô ö ÷ þ å German F Faroese . ] ö å Danish I Icelandic . ä ] ë ø å G Greenlandic . kra Danish G Gaelic . I Irish . W Welsh . B Breton . French E English . æ ç ï ô é è ë French, German F Frisian . Dutch D Dutch . é à è â ê î ô û ç French, German L Luxemburgish . French, German G German . à é è French F French . German C Catalan . Spanish S Spanish . G Galician . Spanish P Portuguese . B Basque . Spanish M Maltese . Italian I Italian . R Rhaetian . German R Romanian . H Hungarian . German A Albanian . T Turkish . C Croat . German S Slovene . ä ö å German S Slovak . ä ö å German, French C Czech . ä ö å German, French P Polish . S Sorbian . German E Esperanto . Note: The SHARP S is not used outside Germany and Austria, not even in quotations. Accents are optional in Danish. The data collected in this table may be incomplete, because these often cannot be found in a lexicon but have to be verified empirically from books and publications in the respective language. The contents of categories C and D are only indicative, not presenting an exhaustive list, but meant as a reminder to the prospective user or provider of character sets that more could be required than what he was aware of. 1TABLE 3 TOTAL REPERTOIRE OF LATIN LETTERS REQUIRED FOR EUROPEAN LANGUAGES According to letter (with Short Identifier, SID), small letters only. (All these letters have Capital counterparts (add 1 to the SID), except the SHARP S (LS61) and the KRA (LK61). Notice the Turkish I's.) Letters marked with a * are not in the ISO 10367 repertoire. Alphabetically sorted to Diacritic, then to Vowel / Consonant char. SID Name (shortened) Used in language: LLEFSSNDFIGGIWBEFDLGFCSGPBMIRRHATCSSCPSE iasiawoaacrarernruuerapaoaathoulurllzoos tttnmernreeeilegitxretalrslaamnbroooelrp hvonidviolelsstlscemnanitqtleagakavvcibe uini.ieseanihhoiihmaclicuueitnaniteahsir aais.sghsnlc..nsa.bnhasigesaiiris.nk.haa nnah.hi.eda....hn....nhau.enaaiah.e...nn i.n...a..in.......g....ne...nnan.......t a.....n..cd.......i.....s.....n........o n.........i.......s.....e............... ..........c.......h..................... a LA01 A LLEFSSNDFIGGIWBEFDLGFCSGPBMIRRHATCSSCPSE b LB01 B LLEFSSNDFIGGIWBEFDLGFCSGPBMIRRHATCSSCPSE c LC01 C LLEFSSNDFIGGIWBEFDLGFCSGPB.IRRHATCSSCPSE d LD01 D LLEFSSNDFIGGIWBEFDLGFCSGPBMIRRHATCSSCPSE e LE01 E LLEFSSNDFIGGIWBEFDLGFCSGPBMIRRHATCSSCPSE f LF01 F LLEFSSNDFIGGIWBEFDLGFCSGPBMIRRHATCSSCPSE g LG01 G LLEFSSNDFIGGIWBEFDLGFCSGPBMIRRHATCSSCPSE h LH01 H L.EFSSNDFIGGIWBEFDLGFCSGPBMIRRHATCSSCPSE i LI01 I LLEFSSNDFIGGIWBEFDLGFCSGPBMIRRHATCSSCPSE j LJ01 J LLEFSSNDFIGGIWBEFDLGFCSGPBMIRRHATCSSCPSE k LK01 K LLEFSSNDFIGGIWBEFDLGFCSGPBMIRRHATCSSCPSE l LL01 L LLEFSSNDFIGGIWBEFDLGFCSGPBMIRRHATCSSCPSE m LM01 M LLEFSSNDFIGGIWBEFDLGFCSGPBMIRRHATCSSCPSE n LN01 N LLEFSSNDFIGGIWBEFDLGFCSGPBMIRRHATCSSCPSE o LO01 O LLEFSSNDFIGGIWBEFDLGFCSGPBMIRRHATCSSCPSE p LP01 P LLEFSSNDFIGGIWBEFDLGFCSGPBMIRRHATCSSCPSE q LQ01 Q ..EFSSNDFIGGIWBE.DLGFCSGPBMIRRHA.......E r LR01 R LLEFSSNDFIGGIWBEFDLGFCSGPBMIRRHATCSSCPSE s LS01 S LLEFSSNDFIGGIWBEFDLGFCSGPBMIRRHATCSSCPSE t LT01 T LLEFSSNDFIGGIWBEFDLGFCSGPBMIRRHATCSSCPSE u LU01 U LLEFSSNDFIGGIWBEFDLGFCSGPBMIRRHATCSSCPSE v LV01 V LLEFSSNDFIGGIWBEFDLGFCSGPBMIRRHATCSSC..E w LW01 W ..EFSSNDFIGGIWBEFDLGFCSGPBMIRRHA.....PSE x LX01 X ..EFSSNDFIGGIWBEFDLGFCSGPBMIRRHA.CSSCPSE y LY01 Y L.EFSSNDFIGGIWBEFDLGFCSGPB.IRRHATCSSCPSE z LZ01 Z LLEFSSNDFIGGI.BEFDLGFCSGPBMIRRHATCSSCPSE á LA11 A WITH ACUTE ....S...FI.GIW........SGP.....H....SC... é LE11 E WITH ACUTE .....SN..I.GIW..F.L.FCSGP..IR.H....SC... í LI11 I WITH ACUTE ........FI..IW.......CSGP..I..H....SC... ó LO11 O WITH ACUTE ......N.FI.GIW.......CSGP..I..H....SCPS. ú LU11 U WITH ACUTE ........FI..IW..F....CSGP..I..H....SC... w LW11 W WITH ACUTE * .............W.......................... + ´ ý LY11 Y WITH ACUTE ........FI...W.....................SC...  LC11 C WITH ACUTE .................................C...PS.  LL11 L WITH ACUTE ...................................S.... œ LN11 N WITH ACUTE ....S................................PS. LR11 R WITH ACUTE ...................................S.... † LS11 S WITH ACUTE .....................................PS.  LZ11 Z WITH ACUTE .....................................PS. 1 à LA13 A WITH GRAVE ...........G.W......FC..P.MIR........... è LE13 E WITH GRAVE ...........G.W......FC....MIR........... ì LI13 I WITH GRAVE ...........G.W............MI............ ò LO13 O WITH GRAVE ......N....G.W.......C....MIR........... ù LU13 U WITH GRAVE ...........G.WB.....F.....MI............ w LW13 W WITH GRAVE * .............W.......................... + ` y LY13 Y WITH GRAVE * .............W.......................... + ` â LA15 A WITH CIRCUMFLEX .............W..F.L.F...P...RR..T....... ê LE15 E WITH CIRCUMFLEX .............WB.F.L.F...P...R........... î LI15 I WITH CIRCUMFLEX .............W....L.F.....M.RR..T....... ô LO15 O WITH CIRCUMFLEX ......N......W..F.L.F...P...R......S.... û LU15 U WITH CIRCUMFLEX .............W..F.L.F...........T....... w LW15 W WITH CIRCUMFLEX .............W.......................... + ¬ y LY15 Y WITH CIRCUMFLEX .............W.......................... + ¬ c LC15 C WITH CIRCUMFLEX .......................................E + ¬ g LG15 G WITH CIRCUMFLEX .......................................E + ¬ h LH15 H WITH CIRCUMFLEX .......................................E + ¬ j LJ15 J WITH CIRCUMFLEX .......................................E + ¬ s LS15 S WITH CIRCUMFLEX .......................................E + ¬ ä LA17 A WITH DIAERESIS ..EF.S.......W..FDLG...............S.... ë LE17 E WITH DIAERESIS .............W..FDL.F..........A........ ï LI17 I WITH DIAERESIS .............W..FD..FC.....I............ ö LO17 O WITH DIAERESIS ..EF.S...I...W..FDLG........R.H.T....... å LU17 U WITH DIAERESIS ..E..........WB.FDLGFCSGPB..R.H.T....... w LW17 W WITH DIAERESIS * .............W.......................... + ¨ ÿ LY17 Y WITH DIAERESIS .............W......F................... Õ LA19 A WITH TILDE ........................P............... ñ LN19 N WITH TILDE ..............B.......SG.B.............. õ LO19 O WITH TILDE ..E.....................P............... ? LC21 C WITH CARON LL..S............................CSSC.S. ? LD21 D WITH CARON ...................................SC... LE21 E WITH CARON ....................................C.S.  LL21 L WITH CARON ...................................S.... LN21 N WITH CARON ...................................SC...  LR21 R WITH CARON ....................................C.S. Ÿ LS21 S WITH CARON LLE.S............................CSSC.S.  LT21 T WITH CARON ...................................SC... Š LZ21 Z WITH CARON LLE.S............................CSSC.S. ? LA23 A WITH BREVE .............................R.......... " LG23 G WITH BREVE ................................T....... u LU23 U WITH BREVE .......................................E + ›  LO25 O WITH DOUBLE ACUTE ..............................H......... LU25 U WITH DOUBLE ACUTE ..............................H......... ] LA27 A WITH RING ABOVE .....SND..G............................. LU27 U WITH RING ABOVE ....................................C... c LC29 C WITH DOT ABOVE ..........................M............. + š e LE29 E WITH DOT ABOVE L....................................... + š g LG29 G WITH DOT ABOVE ..........................M............. + š ? LZ29 Z WITH DOT ABOVE ..........................M..........P.. • LI30 I WITH DOT ABOVE ................................T....... a LA31 A WITH MACRON .L...................................... + ¯ e LE31 E WITH MACRON .L...................................... + ¯ i LI31 I WITH MACRON .L...................................... + ¯ o LO31 O WITH MACRON .L...................................... + ¯ u LU31 U WITH MACRON LL...................................... + ¯ 1 ç LC41 C WITH CEDILLA ....................FC..PB.....AT....... g LG41 G WITH CEDILLA .L...................................... + ` k LK41 K WITH CEDILLA .L...................................... + ¸ l LL41 L WITH CEDILLA .L...................................... + ¸ n LN41 N WITH CEDILLA .L...................................... + ¸ r LR41 R WITH CEDILLA .L...................................... + ¸ ‡ LS41 S WITH CEDILLA .............................R..T.......  LT41 T WITH CEDILLA .............................R.......... ‚ LA43 A WITH OGONEK L....................................P.. ƒ LE43 E WITH OGONEK L....................................P.. i LI43 I WITH OGONEK L....................................... + ˜ u LU43 U WITH OGONEK L....................................... + ˜ æ LA51 LIGATURE A E ......NDFIG.........F................... ij LI51 LIGATURE I J .................D...................... ÷ LO51 LIGATURE O E ....................F...................  LD61 D WITH STROKE ....S............................C...... h LH61 H WITH STROKE ..........................M............. + ¯ LL61 L WITH STROKE .....................................PS. ø LO61 O WITH STROKE ......NDF.G............................. t LT61 T WITH STROKE ....S................................... + ¯ - LI61 DOTLESS I ................................T....... n LN61 ENG (Sami) ....S................................... + ˜ ß LS61 SHARP S (German) ...................G.................... ð LD63 ETH (Icelandic) ........FI.............................. þ LT63 THORN (Icelandic) .........I.............................. TABLE 3a Obsolete letters i LI19 I WITH TILDE ..........G............................. + ~ u LU19 U WITH TILDE ..........G............................. + ~ k LK61 KRA (Greenlandic) ..........G............................. l· LL63 L WITH MIDDLE DOT .....................C.................. 'n LN63 N PRECEDED BY APOSTROPHE ........................................ (Afrikaans) Note: The LIGATURE IJ is no longer required for Dutch, the digraph IJ is now being used instead in the public administration sector, and use of the single character IJ prohibited there.